Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804

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Joseph Priestley was an English clergyman, political theorist, and physical scientist whose work contributed to advances in liberal political and religious thought and in experimental chemistry. He is best remembered for his contribution to the chemistry of gases. He relocated to Northumberland, Pa.

From the description of Joseph Priestley papers, 1777-1835. (Pennsylvania State University Libraries). WorldCat record id: 53101438

Priestley and Vaughan, amongst others, founded the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia (see Ms. Coll. 167).

From the description of Letters, 1795-1796. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 213470864

Joseph Priestley was a scientist, chemist and Unitarian theologian. He is best known as the discoverer of oxygen.

From the description of Miscellaneous manuscripts, 1773, n.d. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 155886526

English theologian and man of science.

From the description of Autograph letter signed : Northumberland, to Thomas Jefferson, 1802 June 12. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270619042

Croation by birth, mathematian and natural philosopher, Rudjer Josip Boskovic spent most of his life in Rome and Milan, but also lived briefly in Paris and London.

From the guide to the Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich papers, [ca. 1730-1786], Circa 1730-1786, (American Philosophical Society)

Joseph Priestley was an English theologian and scientist. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1784.

From the description of Correspondence, 1766-1803. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 173466177

From the description of Correspondence and printed works, 1765-1802. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 154298211

Epithet: theologian and scientist

British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000001188.0x000284

Joseph Priestley was an educator, scientist, and theologian.

From the description of Papers, 1771-1803. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122440193

From the description of Experiments relating to phlogiston and the conversion of water into air, 1783. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 86165439

From the guide to the Experiments relating to phlogiston and the conversion of water into air, 1783, 1783, (American Philosophical Society)

Physician Joseph Carson taught medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The College of Philadelphia's Medical School, founded in 1765, became known as the University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Medicine In 1779.

From the guide to the Joseph Carson letters, 1789-1858, 1789-1858, (American Philosophical Society)

Clergyman, educator, and chemist.

From the description of Letters of Joseph Priestley, 1766-1803. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 71068530

Joseph Priestley was a dissenting clergyman, theologian and scientist known for his work in chemistry, electricity, natural philosophy, and on the phlogiston (oxygen) question. After his home near Birmingham, England, was destroyed by rioters in 1791, he published a broadside addressed to the inhabitants of Birmingham and an "Appeal" on the riots. In 1792 Priestley and his son Joseph were awarded French citizenship, which Priestley accepted. However, he declined an offer to become a member of the French National Assembly. After living in London for a time, the Priestleys emigrated to the United States in 1794 and settled in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. With his friend John Vaughan and a few other noted Pennsylvnians, Priestley founded the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia.

John Wilkinson was Dr. Priestley's brother-in-law and a merchant in England. He writes about business matters and finding positions for Priestley's sons, Joseph and William.

From the description of Correspondence and memoirs, 1696-1803. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 155896085

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), scientist and philosopher, left England in 1794 and moved to Northcumberland, Pa.

Credited with the discovery of oxygen, he is also the founder of the Unitarian Church in Pennsylvania.

From the description of Collection, 1761-1976. (Dickinson College). WorldCat record id: 19348044

As scientist, Unitarian controversialist, and proponent of republican values, Joseph Priestley exerted enormous influence in English and American intellectual circles, though his life ended in decline and isolation. Born into middling circumstances in Yorkshire, Priestley was raised by well to do relatives who had fallen under the sway of dissenting doctrine. A promising student, he prepared for the ministry, but as a result of ill health and his unpalatable religious affiliations he was prevented from entering either Oxford or Cambridge, choosing instead to attend the dissenting academy at Daventry.

Receiving his degree in 1755, Priestley discovered that his road into the ministry was hampered by his unorthodox views and unfortunate voice, and while filling a minor pulpit, he found that his first real taste of success came instead in teaching. By 1761, his reputation as an educator had grown to such an extent that he was offered the position of Professor of Languages at the prestigious Warrington Academy, and the next year his life improved further when he was ordained and married Mary Wilkinson, daughter of a Welsh ironmaster. In education as in religion, Priestley's approach was insistently unorthodox. He introduced the study of modern history, law, economics, and social sciences into the standard curriculum, and although he left Warrington in 1767 to return to the more stable income of the ministry, accepting an appointment in Leeds, his reputation as a scholar and scientist had grown enormously. At Leeds, he became acquainted with Benjamin Franklin who encouraged his electrical experimentation, and Priestley's work on light and vision found a wide readership.

By 1773, Priestley had attracted the attention of William Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne (1737-1805), and was offered a position in the Earl's household as tutor, librarian, and companion. The grandson of the great scientist of the same name, Shelburne was a prominent politician, a future Prime Minister, and a magnanimous patron. Through him, Priestley not only achieved financial security, but gained entrée into the highest of Britain's intellectual, social, and scientific circles. At Bowood, Shelburne's estate, Priestley pursued the implications of a paper he had presented to the Royal Society in 1772, "On Different Kinds of Air," and thus laid the foundation of his international reputation as a chemist. In his book, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774), he built upon the work of Joseph Black and James Cavendish to identify nine distinct gases, three of which were previously unknown. Most famously, on August 1, 1774, he produced "dephlogisticated air" - oxygen -- by heating red mercuric oxide, demonstrating beyond cavil that air was not an element. In isolating oxygen, Priestley noted its importance in combustion, but clung to a belief in phlogistic theory until the end of his life, becoming, at the end, the last important chemist of that stripe. Ironically, it was his isolation of oxygen, particularly as pursued by Antoine Lavoisier, that became the nail in the phlogistic coffin. His scientific work earned Priestley admission into the French Academy of Sciences in 1772, the St. Petersburg Academy in 1780, and through Franklin, to the American Philosophical Society in 1784.

During the later 1770s, divisions between Priestley and Shelburne deteriorated over Priestley's support for the American cause during the Revolution and over his unorthodox religious views. While the two remained cordial, Priestley left the Shelburne home in 1780 and settled at Birmingham, near his brother-in-law, John Wilkinson. Whereas his scientific work had flourished at Bowood, his religious writings flourished in Birmingham, and he became a leading dissenting voice, assailing the corruptions of the Anglican hierarchy and Trinitarianism, and beginning the enduring association with Unitarianism that he considered his true life's work. At Birmingham he was also drawn into the Lunar Society, an engaging, salon-like group of enlightened minds that included Erasmus Darwin, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton.

The halcyon days in Birmingham, however, were not to last. Priestley's religious and political views conspired to ensure his supreme unpopularity during the shifting political tides of the French Revolutionary era, and he became a lightning rod for the government-inspired backlash against republicanism and "radicalism" of all sorts. The wrath of the mob was turned against him directly during the Birmingham riots of July, 1791, when his house, library, and laboratory were set aflame. Taking refuge with William Vaughan, brother of John and Benjamin, Priestley whisked his children out of the country and in April, 1794, finally abandoned England himself for the United States.

Priestley and his wife, Mary, settled in the relatively remote town of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 150 miles west of Philadelphia, initially imaging that he could enjoy the country life and yet travel into the metropolis for intellectual stimulation. Little, however, went as Priestley had planned. His plans of establishing a community at Northumberland devoted to religious and political freedom were unavailing, travel into Philadelphia proved far too difficult, and in his rural remove he was only barely able to continue his scientific research. If it cannot be traced to Birmingham, Priestley's protracted decline began in 1795 and 1796 when he lost his son and wife successively, and thereafter he was never in complete health himself. Furthermore, Priestley was no more immune in the United States than he had been in England to ill political winds. When his friend, Thomas Cooper, was arrested for violating the Alien and Sedition Acts, Priestley was suspected of aiding and abetting, and although his deportation was prevented by the intervention of his friend John Adams, he became a preferred target for the literary quills of Peter Porcupine, William Cobbett. Although Priestley continued to serve in the Unitarian pulpit and wrote on religious matters for several years more, his last scientific work (on the long-abandonded phlogiston) was published in 1796. He died after a brief illness on February 6, 1804, and is buried in the Quaker cemetery in Northumberland.

From the guide to the Joseph Priestley Papers, 1771-1803, (American Philosophical Society)

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804, APS 1785) was a British radical theologian, scientist and political philosopher, who exerted enormous influence in English and American intellectual circles. Priestley is of often credited with the discovery of oxygen. His defense of phlogiston theory and rejection of what came to be known as the Chemical Revolution contributed to his isolation from the scientific community in his later life. His heterodox religious views subjected him to persecutions that eventually compelled him to emigrate to the United States, where he spent the last decade of his life.

Priestley was born in Birstall, Yorkshire, in 1733. His parents were Jonas Priestley, a finisher of cloth, and his wife Mary Swift. He was raised by prosperous relatives who had fallen under the sway of dissenting doctrine. A promising student, he attended local schools where he studied the ancient languages. His guardians intended to prepare the precocious boy for the ministry. As a result of ill health and his unpalatable religious affiliations he was prevented from entering either Oxford or Cambridge, choosing instead to attend the dissenting academy at Daventry.

After receiving his degree in 1755, Priestley discovered that his road into the ministry was hampered by a stutter and, more importantly, his unorthodox views. His call to the Dissenting parish of Needham Market, Suffolk, turned out to be disappointing for both him and his parishioners, many of who were critical of his heterodoxy and therefore refused to attend his services and send their children to be educated by him. In 1758 he moved to another parish, Nantwich, Cheshire, where the congregation proved more accepting of his views as well as his talents as a teacher. Priestley opened a school in which he taught natural philosophy, and he also wrote The Rudiments of English Grammar (1761). By 1761, his reputation as an educator had grown to such an extent that he was offered the position of Professor of Languages at the prestigious Warrington Academy. The next year he was ordained and married Mary Wilkinson, daughter of a Welsh ironmaster. In education as in religion, Priestley's approach was insistently unorthodox. He introduced the study of modern history, law, economics, and social sciences into the standard curriculum, and he published several works on these topics, including Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (1765), in which he challenged the benefits of traditional classical education by arguing that education should anticipate the practical needs of students. In his Lectures on History and General Policy (1788), Priestley presented a millennial conception of history which, he argued, furthered an understanding of God’s natural laws. A number of colleges incorporated the Lectures, including Cambridge, Brown, Princeton, and Yale. In 1764 the University of Edinburgh granted him an honorary Doctor of Law in recognition of his contributions to the teaching of history. Priestley also became interested in the study of electricity, and, encouraged by his friend Benjamin Franklin, conducted a number of experiments and drafted a history of electricity which was published in 1767. In 1766 he was elected for a fellowship in the Royal Society (Benjamin Franklin was one of his recommenders).

Priestley left Warrington in 1767 to accept an appointment as a minister in Leeds, perhaps because of his wife’s ill health or because he sought a more stable income. During his time at Leeds, he published several major theological works, including the Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion (1772-4), in which he laid out some of the doctrines that subsequently became the standards of Unitarianism. Priestley also published several controversial pamphlets on religious topics that found a wide readership.

By the early 1770s, Priestley had attracted the attention of William Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne (1737-1805). The grandson of the great scientist of the same name, Shelburne was a prominent politician, a future Prime Minister, and a magnanimous patron. Through him, Priestley not only achieved financial security, but gained entrée into the highest of Britain's intellectual, social, and scientific circles, including the Bowood Group, which included Isaac Barré (1726-1802), the jurist John Dunning (1731-1783), the bishop Jonathan Shipley (1714-1788), and Richard Price (1723-1791, APS 1785). At Shelburne's estate, Priestley pursued the implications of a paper he had presented to the Royal Society in 1772, "On Different Kinds of Air," and thus laid the foundation of his international reputation as a chemist. That year he also published a pamphlet Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air, which explained the method for making soda water. In 1773 the Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal for his accomplishments. The same year Priestley accepted the position in the Earl's household as tutor, librarian, and companion, tasks that left him plenty of time to pursue his intellectual interests and that took him on a tour of Europe as the Earl’s companion.

In 1774 Priestley published Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air , in which he built upon the work of Joseph Black and James Cavendish to identify nine distinct gases, three of which were previously unknown. Most famously, on August 1, 1774, he produced "dephlogisticated air" – oxygen – by heating red mercuric oxide, demonstrating beyond cavil that air was not an element. In isolating oxygen, Priestley noted its importance in combustion, but clung to a belief in phlogistic theory for the remainder of his life, becoming, at the end, the last important chemist of that stripe. His scientific work earned Priestley admission into the French Academy of Sciences in 1772, the St. Petersburg Academy in 1780, and through Franklin, to the American Philosophical Society in 1784.

During the later 1770s, divisions between Priestley and Shelburne deteriorated over Priestley's support for the American Revolution and over his unorthodox religious views. While the two remained cordial, Priestley left the Shelburne home in 1780 and settled at Birmingham, near his brother-in-law, John Wilkinson. Whereas his scientific work had flourished at Bowood, his religious writings flourished in Birmingham, and he became a leading dissenting voice, assailing the corruptions of the Anglican hierarchy and Trinitarianism, and beginning the enduring association with Unitarianism that he considered his true life's work. At Birmingham he was also drawn into the Lunar Society, an engaging, salon-like group of enlightened minds that included Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802, APS 1792), James Watt (1736-1819), Matthew Boulton (1728-1809), and Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795).

The halcyon days in Birmingham, however, were not to last. Priestley's religious and political views conspired to ensure his supreme unpopularity during the shifting political tides of the French Revolutionary era, and he became a lightning rod for the government-inspired backlash against republicanism and "radicalism" of all sorts. The wrath of the mob was turned against him directly during the Birmingham riots of July, 1791, when his house, library, and laboratory were set aflame. Priestley took refuge with William Vaughan, brother of John (1756-1841, APS 1784) and Benjamin (1751-1835, APS 1786), all of whom Priestley had taught at Warrington Academy, and with whom he had remained on friendly terms. The Vaughn brothers would repeatedly offer their assistance over the next few years. When it became clear that the British government would not protect him from further attacks, Priestley whisked his children out of the country and in April, 1794, finally abandoned England for the United States.

After a brief visit to New York, where his arrival was widely celebrated, Priestley went to Philadelphia. Here, too, he wrote in a letter to John Wilkinson, he was welcomed “with the most flattering attention by all persons of note.” The “persons of note” included several members of the American Philosophical Society, such as his old friend John Vaughan as well as Benjamin Rush (1745-1813, APS 1768) and David Rittenhouse (1732-1796, APS 1768), with whom he became particularly well acquainted. He turned down an invitation to teach chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and instead settled with his family in the relatively remote town of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 150 miles west of Philadelphia, initially imaging that he could enjoy the country life and yet travel into the metropolis for intellectual stimulation. Little, however, went as Priestley had intended. His plans of establishing a community at Northumberland devoted to religious and political freedom were unavailing, travel into Philadelphia proved far too difficult, and in his rural remove he was only barely able to continue his scientific research. In his letters to acquaintances he complained repeatedly that his endeavors were greatly hampered for lack of adequate communications with the outside world due to limited postal delivery and lack of access to the latest news from Europe. He devoted considerable energy to the establishment of the Northumberland Academy, but by the fall of 1795 it was clear that he had failed to attract Englishmen of substance to settle in Northumberland. Moreover, in 1795 and 1796, he lost his son and wife to disease, and thereafter he was never in complete health himself.

In 1796 Priestley temporarily returned to Philadelphia. There he delivered sermons at the Universalist Church and he attended the meetings of the American Philosophical Society. His last scientific work (on the long-abandonded phlogiston) was published in 1796. Priestley also spent much time with old and new friends, including Rittenhouse, John Adams, and, after 1796, Thomas Jefferson. His increasingly apparent sympathies for the Anti-Federalists made Priestley a favorite target for the literary quills of William Cobbett, also known as Peter Porcupine, especially after the capture of some letters addressed to Priestley revealed that he may be planning to settle in France. Cobbett’s venomous attacks and damaging political allegations provoked Priestley to defend himself in print, after years of trying to remain aloof of the increasingly divisive “party spirit.” Against the advice of his friends, including John and Benjamin Vaughan, he published his Letters to the Inhabitants of Northumberland, which provoked only more criticism from the friends of the Adams administration. When his friend Thomas Cooper (1759-1839) was arrested for violating the Alien and Sedition Acts, Priestley was suspected of aiding and abetting. His deportation was only prevented by President Adams, an old admirer who used to be quite friendly with Priestley until the mid-1790s. It was not until after the election of Jefferson that much of the abuse of Priestley was replaced by an increasingly favorable view of his political views. The “vast exertions of his genius,” Jefferson remarked later, had fnally been recognized in his chosen home. John Adams wrote to John Vaughan in 1813 that Priestley was “Certainly one of the greatest Men in the World, and certainly one of the weakest.” Even though the last decade of his life was marked to some extent by decline and disappointment, the significance of his contributions to eighteenth century religious, scientific, pedagogical and political thought was uncontested. He published over 150 works on topics ranging from education to theology, to natural and political philosophy. By the time of his death in Northumberland in 1804, Priestley had been elected to every major scientific society in Europe and North America. As one biographer noted, he aimed to “put the most ‘advanced’ Enlightenment ideas into the service of a rationalized though heterodox Christianity, under the guidance of the basic principles of scientific method.”

From the guide to the Joseoph Priestly correspondence, 1766-1803, 1766-1803, (American Philosophical Society)

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804, APS 1785) was a British radical theologian, scientist and political philosopher, who exerted enormous influence in English and American intellectual circles. Priestley is of often credited with the discovery of oxygen. His defense of phlogiston theory and rejection of what came to be known as the Chemical Revolution contributed to his isolation from the scientific community in his later life. His heterodox religious views subjected him to persecutions that eventually compelled him to emigrate to the United States, where he spent the last decade of his life.

Priestley was born in Birstall, Yorkshire, in 1733. His parents were Jonas Priestley, a finisher of cloth, and his wife Mary Swift. He was raised by prosperous relatives who had fallen under the sway of dissenting doctrine. A promising student, he attended local schools where he studied the ancient languages. His guardians intended to prepare the precocious boy for the ministry. As a result of ill health and his unpalatable religious affiliations he was prevented from entering either Oxford or Cambridge, choosing instead to attend the dissenting academy at Daventry.

After receiving his degree in 1755, Priestley discovered that his road into the ministry was hampered by a stutter and, more importantly, his unorthodox views. His call to the Dissenting parish of Needham Market, Suffolk, turned out to be disappointing for both him and his parishioners, many of who were critical of his heterodoxy and therefore refused to attend his services and send their children to be educated by him. In 1758 he moved to another parish, Nantwich, Cheshire, where the congregation proved more accepting of his views as well as his talents as a teacher. Priestley opened a school in which he taught natural philosophy, and he also wrote The Rudiments of English Grammar (1761). By 1761, his reputation as an educator had grown to such an extent that he was offered the position of Professor of Languages at the prestigious Warrington Academy. The next year he was ordained and married Mary Wilkinson, daughter of a Welsh ironmaster. In education as in religion, Priestley's approach was insistently unorthodox. He introduced the study of modern history, law, economics, and social sciences into the standard curriculum, and he published several works on these topics, including Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (1765), in which he challenged the benefits of traditional classical education by arguing that education should anticipate the practical needs of students. In his Lectures on History and General Policy (1788), Priestley presented a millennial conception of history which, he argued, furthered an understanding of God’s natural laws. A number of colleges incorporated the Lectures, including Cambridge, Brown, Princeton, and Yale. In 1764 the University of Edinburgh granted him an honorary Doctor of Law in recognition of his contributions to the teaching of history. Priestley also became interested in the study of electricity, and, encouraged by his friend Benjamin Franklin, conducted a number of experiments and drafted a history of electricity which was published in 1767. In 1766 he was elected for a fellowship in the Royal Society (Benjamin Franklin was one of his recommenders).

Priestley left Warrington in 1767 to accept an appointment as a minister in Leeds, perhaps because of his wife’s ill health or because he sought a more stable income. During his time at Leeds, he published several major theological works, including the Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion (1772-4), in which he laid out some of the doctrines that subsequently became the standards of Unitarianism. Priestley also published several controversial pamphlets on religious topics that found a wide readership.

By the early 1770s, Priestley had attracted the attention of William Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne (1737-1805). The grandson of the great scientist of the same name, Shelburne was a prominent politician, a future Prime Minister, and a magnanimous patron. Through him, Priestley not only achieved financial security, but gained entrée into the highest of Britain's intellectual, social, and scientific circles, including the Bowood Group, which included Isaac Barré (1726-1802), the jurist John Dunning (1731-1783), the bishop Jonathan Shipley (1714-1788), and Richard Price (1723-1791, APS 1785). At Shelburne's estate, Priestley pursued the implications of a paper he had presented to the Royal Society in 1772, "On Different Kinds of Air," and thus laid the foundation of his international reputation as a chemist. That year he also published a pamphlet Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air, which explained the method for making soda water. In 1773 the Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal for his accomplishments. The same year Priestley accepted the position in the Earl's household as tutor, librarian, and companion, tasks that left him plenty of time to pursue his intellectual interests and that took him on a tour of Europe as the Earl’s companion.

In 1774 Priestley published Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air , in which he built upon the work of Joseph Black and James Cavendish to identify nine distinct gases, three of which were previously unknown. Most famously, on August 1, 1774, he produced "dephlogisticated air" – oxygen – by heating red mercuric oxide, demonstrating beyond cavil that air was not an element. In isolating oxygen, Priestley noted its importance in combustion, but clung to a belief in phlogistic theory for the remainder of his life, becoming, at the end, the last important chemist of that stripe. His scientific work earned Priestley admission into the French Academy of Sciences in 1772, the St. Petersburg Academy in 1780, and through Franklin, to the American Philosophical Society in 1784.

During the later 1770s, divisions between Priestley and Shelburne deteriorated over Priestley's support for the American Revolution and over his unorthodox religious views. While the two remained cordial, Priestley left the Shelburne home in 1780 and settled at Birmingham, near his brother-in-law, John Wilkinson. Whereas his scientific work had flourished at Bowood, his religious writings flourished in Birmingham, and he became a leading dissenting voice, assailing the corruptions of the Anglican hierarchy and Trinitarianism, and beginning the enduring association with Unitarianism that he considered his true life's work. At Birmingham he was also drawn into the Lunar Society, an engaging, salon-like group of enlightened minds that included Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802, APS 1792), James Watt (1736-1819), Matthew Boulton (1728-1809), and Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795).

The halcyon days in Birmingham, however, were not to last. Priestley's religious and political views conspired to ensure his supreme unpopularity during the shifting political tides of the French Revolutionary era, and he became a lightning rod for the government-inspired backlash against republicanism and "radicalism" of all sorts. The wrath of the mob was turned against him directly during the Birmingham riots of July, 1791, when his house, library, and laboratory were set aflame. Priestley took refuge with William Vaughan, brother of John (1756-1841, APS 1784) and Benjamin (1751-1835, APS 1786), all of whom Priestley had taught at Warrington Academy, and with whom he had remained on friendly terms. The Vaughn brothers would repeatedly offer their assistance over the next few years. When it became clear that the British government would not protect him from further attacks, Priestley whisked his children out of the country and in April, 1794, finally abandoned England for the United States.

After a brief visit to New York, where his arrival was widely celebrated, Priestley went to Philadelphia. Here, too, he wrote in a letter to John Wilkinson, he was welcomed “with the most flattering attention by all persons of note.” The “persons of note” included several members of the American Philosophical Society, such as his old friend John Vaughan as well as Benjamin Rush (1745-1813, APS 1768) and David Rittenhouse (1732-1796, APS 1768), with whom he became particularly well acquainted. He turned down an invitation to teach chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and instead settled with his family in the relatively remote town of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 150 miles west of Philadelphia, initially imaging that he could enjoy the country life and yet travel into the metropolis for intellectual stimulation. Little, however, went as Priestley had intended. His plans of establishing a community at Northumberland devoted to religious and political freedom were unavailing, travel into Philadelphia proved far too difficult, and in his rural remove he was only barely able to continue his scientific research. In his letters to acquaintances he complained repeatedly that his endeavors were greatly hampered for lack of adequate communications with the outside world due to limited postal delivery and lack of access to the latest news from Europe. He devoted considerable energy to the establishment of the Northumberland Academy, but by the fall of 1795 it was clear that he had failed to attract Englishmen of substance to settle in Northumberland. Moreover, in 1795 and 1796, he lost his son and wife to disease, and thereafter he was never in complete health himself.

In 1796 Priestley temporarily returned to Philadelphia. There he delivered sermons at the Universalist Church and he attended the meetings of the American Philosophical Society. His last scientific work (on the long-abandonded phlogiston) was published in 1796. Priestley also spent much time with old and new friends, including Rittenhouse, John Adams, and, after 1796, Thomas Jefferson. His increasingly apparent sympathies for the Anti-Federalists made Priestley a favorite target for the literary quills of William Cobbett, also known as Peter Porcupine, especially after the capture of some letters addressed to Priestley revealed that he may be planning to settle in France. Cobbett’s venomous attacks and damaging political allegations provoked Priestley to defend himself in print, after years of trying to remain aloof of the increasingly divisive “party spirit.” Against the advice of his friends, including John and Benjamin Vaughan, he published his Letters to the Inhabitants of Northumberland, which provoked only more criticism from the friends of the Adams administration. When his friend Thomas Cooper (1759-1839) was arrested for violating the Alien and Sedition Acts, Priestley was suspected of aiding and abetting. His deportation was only prevented by President Adams, an old admirer who used to be quite friendly with Priestley until the mid-1790s. It was not until after the election of Jefferson that much of the abuse of Priestley was replaced by an increasingly favorable view of his political views. The “vast exertions of his genius,” Jefferson remarked later, had fnally been recognized in his chosen home. John Adams wrote to John Vaughan in 1813 that Priestley was “Certainly one of the greatest Men in the World, and certainly one of the weakest.” Even though the last decade of his life was marked to some extent by decline and disappointment, the significance of his contributions to eighteenth century religious, scientific, pedagogical and political thought was uncontested. He published over 150 works on topics ranging from education to theology, to natural and political philosophy. By the time of his death in Northumberland in 1804, Priestley had been elected to every major scientific society in Europe and North America. As one biographer noted, he aimed to “put the most ‘advanced’ Enlightenment ideas into the service of a rationalized though heterodox Christianity, under the guidance of the basic principles of scientific method.”

From the guide to the Joseph Priestly correspondence and printed works, 1765-1802, 1765-1802, (American Philosophical Society)

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
referencedIn Gilman family. Papers of the Gilman and Bowen families, 1791-1920 (inclusive) Harvard University Archives.
referencedIn Joseph Priestley collection, 1874-1996. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Notes from Lectures on Chemistry delivered by Doctor John McClean, Princeton College, January 1797 - June 1797 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Letters from others sent to Thomas Cadell, 1766-1825. Houghton Library
creatorOf Price, Richard, 1723-1791. Papers, 1753-1791. Duke University Libraries, Duke University Library; Perkins Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Dr. Joseph Priestley: a collection of autograph letters, portraits, etc. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Vaughan, John, 1755-1841. Papers, 1768 - ca. 1936 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia, 1752-1822. Correspondence, 1775-1863. American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library
referencedIn Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia, 1752-1822,. Autograph letter signed from Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni, Paris, to unidentified recipient, 1778 June 2. Folger Shakespeare Library
creatorOf Joseph Carson letters, 1789-1858, 1789-1858 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Vaughan, Benjamin, 1751-1835. Papers, 1746-1900. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf [Joseph Priestley, biographical materials] University of Wisconsin - Madison, General Library System
creatorOf Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich papers, [ca. 1730-1786], Circa 1730-1786 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Museum of Comparative Zoology collection of historical manuscripts, 1736-1908 (inclusive), 1810-1870 (bulk). Harvard University, Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
referencedIn Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866. Portrait collection, ca. 1600-1850 Cornell University Library
referencedIn Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826. Letter, 1801 April 21, Washington, [D.C.] to [William Short], n.p. William & Mary Libraries
referencedIn Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia, 1752-1822. Papers, ca. 1770s-1875. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606-1943, (bulk 1775-1826) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Carson, Joseph, 1808-1876,. Letters, 1789-1858. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Joseph Johnson Letterbook, 1795-1810 The New York Public Library. Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle.
referencedIn Wellcome Historical Medical Society. Selected letters, 1731-1871, relating to American medicine. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Houghton Library. Houghton Library printed book provenance file, L-Q. 1942. Houghton Library
referencedIn Pond, George Gilbert, 1861-1920. Joseph Priestley house, Northumberland County, Pa., deeds and correspondence, 1882-1955. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Vaughan, Benjamin, 1751-1835. Papers, 1746-1900 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich papers, 1711-1787 Bancroft Library
referencedIn Rush, Benjamin, 1745-1813. Commonplace book, 1792-1813. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Leycester, Robert. Electricity [and] magnetism. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Sir James Paget correspondence, 1784-1932, 1784-1932 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. A chart of biography : [Warrington?], to the Right Honourable Hugh Lord Willoughby of Parham, [1764?]. Pierpont Morgan Library.
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Correspondence and memoirs, 1696-1803. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn Autograph File, P, 1554-2005. Houghton Library
referencedIn Scientists Collection, 1563-1973 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Electrologia, ca. 1785. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Tour in North Wales Manuscript, 1798 Bangor University
referencedIn Sheldon, William, 1762-1822. Notebooks, 1789? ; 1795-1804. Gadsden Public Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Letter, 1762 April 17, Warrington, to Rev. Seddon, London. Dartmouth College Library
referencedIn Lowth, Robert, 1710-1787. Robert Lowth letter, 1781 Feb. 9. Pitts Theology Library, Candler School of Theology
referencedIn Henry Adams autograph album, 1833-1939. Houghton Library
referencedIn Say, Jean Baptiste, 1767-1832. Letter : to unknown person, [ca. 1794-1806] May. University of Chicago Library
referencedIn Books from the library of Amos Bronson Alcott, 1579-1893. Houghton Library
creatorOf Vaughan, Samuel, b. 1762. Samuel Vaughan student notebooks, circa 1775-1782. University of Pennsylvania Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Miscellaneous manuscripts, 1773, n.d. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library
referencedIn Johnson, Joseph, 1738-1809. Joseph Johnson Letterbook, 1795-1810. New York Public Library System, NYPL
referencedIn Letters of scientists, 1655-1973. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Say, Jean Baptiste, 1767-1832. Letter : to unknown person, [ca. 1794-1806] May. Texas Christian University
creatorOf Nitzsche, George Erazmus, 1874-1961. George E. Nitzsche Unitariana collection, 1778-2007; bulk: 1791-1956 Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Experiments relating to phlogiston and the conversion of water into air, 1783, 1783 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Joseph Priestley Papers, 1771-1803 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Adanson, Michel, 1727-1806. Autograph notes on nitre, n.d. Hagley Museum & Library
referencedIn Letters of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., collected and edited by George Birkbeck Hill, extra-illustrated, 1413-1900 (inclusive), 1775-1839 (bulk). Houghton Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. [Pamphlets on religious subjects]. Yale University Library
referencedIn Du Tennetar, Michel, 1740-1801. Cours particulier de chimie : commencé le 10 février 1785, 1785. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Price, Richard, 1723-1791. Letter, 1772 September 3, Newington Green to Alexander Chisholm, [n.p.]. Dartmouth College Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Letters of Joseph Priestley, 1766-1803. Library of Congress
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Joseph Priestley papers, 1777-1835. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Franklin-Bache Papers, 1707-1799 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Joseoph Priestly correspondence, 1766-1803, 1766-1803 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe, 1711-1787. Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich papers, 1711-1787. UC Berkeley Libraries
referencedIn Additional papers of Frank Beckwith, ca.1920-1977 GB 206 Leeds University Library
referencedIn Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826. Correspondence with Henry Fry [manuscript], 1792, 1804. University of Virginia. Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Autograph letter signed : Northumberland, to Thomas Jefferson, 1802 June 12. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn Joseph Priestley: Sermon, c. 1771 Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives
referencedIn Albert Stephens Borgman autograph collection, 1600-1950. Houghton Library
referencedIn Beckwith, Frank, 1904-1977. Additional papers of Frank Beckwith. Brotherton Library, University of Leeds
creatorOf Cadell, T. (Thomas), 1742-1802,. T. (Thomas) Cadell letters from others, 1766-1825. Houghton Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Letters, 1795-1796. University of Pennsylvania Library
referencedIn Vaughan, John, 1755-1841. Papers, 1768-1922 (inclusive). American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Correspondence, 1766-1803. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Correspondence and printed works, 1765-1802. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Charles Albert Browne Papers, 1783-1947, (bulk 1909-1945) Library of Congress. Manuscript Division
referencedIn Cooper, Thomas, 1759-1839. Letter, Northumberland, Pa., to Joseph Clay, Washington, D.C., 1803 December 10. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
referencedIn Savile, George, Sir, 1726-1784. Papers, 1761-1782. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Pennsylvania. General Assembly. Senate. Second centennial of chemistry proclamations, 1974. Pennsylvania State University Libraries
creatorOf Fleming, Ian, 1908-1964,. [Scientific articles collected by Ian Fleming]. Indiana University
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Collection, 1761-1976. Dickinson College Library, Waidner-Spahr Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Autograph letter signed : Leiden, to the Rev. Thos. Percy, 1774 Dec. 21. Pierpont Morgan Library.
referencedIn American Philosophical Society Library. Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. 1668-1983. American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Letters, 1798-1800. Massachusetts Historical Society
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Correspondence. Smithsonian Institution. Libraries
referencedIn Clarke, James Freeman, 1810-1888. Additional correspondence, 1787-1886 Houghton Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Papers, 1771-1803. American Philosophical Society Library
creatorOf Priestley, Joseph, 1733-1804. Experiments relating to phlogiston and the conversion of water into air, 1783. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 1743-1794. Lavoisier manuscript collection, 1770-1794 (bulk). Cornell University Library
referencedIn Beattie, James, 1735-1803. Diary : manuscript, May 6 - June 20, 1775. Houghton Library
creatorOf Letters Addressed to Thomas Walker (1749-1817), 1775-1819 British Library
creatorOf Joseph Priestly correspondence and printed works, 1765-1802, 1765-1802 American Philosophical Society
creatorOf Joseph Priestley letters, chiefly to Theophilus Lindsay, 1766-1803, 1766-1803 American Philosophical Society
referencedIn Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe, 1711-1787. Papers, [ca. 1730-1786]. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de, 1721-1794. Voyage en Angleterre, 1785 April 3-May 27. American Philosophical Society Library
referencedIn Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni papers, ca. 1770s-1875, Circa 1770-1875 American Philosophical Society
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
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associatedWith Beccaria, Giambatista, 1716-1781 person
associatedWith Beckwith, Frank, 1904-1977. person
associatedWith Belsham, Thomas, 1750-1829. person
associatedWith Bond, Thomas, 1712-1784 person
associatedWith Borgman, Albert Stephens, 1890-1954 person
associatedWith Boscovich, Roger Joseph, 1711-1787 person
associatedWith Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe, 1711-1787. person
associatedWith Browne, Charles Albert, 1870-1947 person
associatedWith Cadell, T. (Thomas), 1742-1802, person
associatedWith Canton, John, 1718-1772. person
associatedWith Cappe, Newcome, 1733-1800, person
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associatedWith Carey, John, 1756-1826. person
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correspondedWith Johnson, Samuel, 1709-1784 person
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associatedWith Leycester, Robert. person
associatedWith Liesganig, Joseph person
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associatedWith Lindsey, Theophilus, 1723-1808. person
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associatedWith Middleton, Peter, 1752-1781 person
associatedWith Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831. person
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associatedWith Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642-1727 person
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associatedWith Nuttall, Thomas, 1786-1859 person
associatedWith Paget, James, Sir, 1814-1899 person
associatedWith Palmer, Mr. person
associatedWith Peale, Franklin, 1795-1870. person
associatedWith Percy, Thomas, person
associatedWith Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 1779-1851 person
associatedWith Poor, Walter S., Mrs, person
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associatedWith Priestley, Joseph person
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associatedWith Ramsay, David, 1749-1815 person
associatedWith Rev. I. Poole and Charles Joseph Harford person
associatedWith Rittenhouse, David, 1732-1796 person
associatedWith Rush, Benjamin, 1745-1813. person
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associatedWith Scott, George A. M. person
associatedWith Seddon, Rev. Mr. person
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associatedWith Sheldon, William, 1762-1822. person
associatedWith Smith, Edgar Fahs, 1854-1928, person
associatedWith Smith, William, 1727-1803 person
associatedWith Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866, person
associatedWith Staunton, George, Sir, 1737-1801, person
associatedWith Stay, Benedetto person
associatedWith Stevens, Henry person
associatedWith Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872 person
associatedWith Thacher, George, 1754-1824. person
associatedWith Thomson, Charles, 1729-1824 person
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associatedWith Vaughan, John, person
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associatedWith Waterton, Charles, 1782-1865 person
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associatedWith Wedgwood, Josiah, 1730-1795. person
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associatedWith Wilkinson, John, 1789-1802 person
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associatedWith Wistar, Caspar, 1761-1818 person
associatedWith Withering, William, 1741-1799 person
Place Name Admin Code Country
Great Britain
United States
France
United States
United States
Europe
United States
England--Birmingham
United States of America
Subject
American Philosophical Society
Astronomy
Autobiography
Autobiography
Biography
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemists
Church and state
Cobbett, William, 1763-1835
Early National Politics
Medical education
France
Geometry
Great Britain
History
Hydraulic engineering
Hydrography
Mathematics
Mechanics
Medicine
Microscopes
Microscopy
Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815
Natural history
Optics
Oxygen
Paine, Thomas, 1737-1809
Philology
Phlogiston
Physicians
Physics
Riots
Riots
Science
Science and technology
Scientists
Scientists
Scientists
Taxation
Theology
Theology
Unitarian churches
Unitarian churches
Unitarianism
Unitarianism
Unitarians
Unitarian Universalists
Vaughan, Benjamin, 1751-1835
Voyages and travels
Occupation
Scientists
Activity

Person

Birth 1733-03-26

Death 1804-02-08

Britons

French,

English

Information

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